NEWWESTERNERS: INTERVIEW WITH BOB 'ACTION' JACKSON, THE FINALE
The Hard Questions Of Raising Bison For Supper
By Todd Wilkinson, 10-01-07
Far away from his other life as a Yellowstone Park ranger, Bob Jackson worked as an Iowa farmer and bison rancher, refining ideas that challenge the conventions of modern animal husbandry.
Do you know where your meat comes from? Was the animal raised and killed with "compassion?" Do its survivors grieve? Bob Jackson says it all sounds so New Age, so Left of center, so radically alternative, so touchy feely, and yet many Americans are making a conscious shift in their diets and attitudes toward more healthful, natural foods. As the movement gains both cultural and economic momentum, consumers also are facing questions they never pondered before.
One of the native edibles appearing increasingly on family dinner menus is bison. Over the last several days, NewWest.Net has carried on a conversation with "Action" Jackson, the bison rancher who first made headlines as an outspoken backcountry ranger who battled big game poachers in the wilds of Yellowstone. But every autumn when he went home to Iowa for the winter, Jackson's lesser-known parallel life took shape as he steadily grew his own bison herd.
In this, the conclusion to our interview with Jackson, he takes readers metaphorically and physically into his own backyard where he has enlisted bison to become a better land steward and to tweak the sensibilities of our consumer, fast-food society. He even shares what he does when he takes the life of a bison. Observers say the kinds of ideas Jackson espouses have broad implications for the environment, the U.S. economy, the dietary health of citizens, the tourism industry, and for the way humans interact with the land and the animals they select to inhabit it. —Todd Wilkinson
NEWWEST.NET: Bob Jackson, we've covered a lot of ground. While you recognize how the identity of Americans is shaped by the presence of public lands and public wildlife like bison, you are skeptical about the ability of politics and politicians to craft viable solutions that deliver real models of sustainability that actually work on the ground. In particular, you note the clash that exists between short-term private economic interests as well as re-election cycles that trump long-term biocentric thinking essential to the protection of natural life support systems such as our air, water, soil and wildlife resources.
BOB JACKSON: To cut to the chase quickly, it come back, for me, to the role of private producers who seek a better way and who are trying to steer the marketplace in a different direction. I want a marketplace that has a conscience.
NEW WEST.NET: Some are going to call you a hypocrite for raising animals that are destined for the very marketplace you want to change. How sensitive can you be to an animal that you are raising to be sold, killed, and eaten? How much sympathy do predators have for their prey?
BOB JACKSON: What I am talking about is attaining a sense of peace with the idea of consuming an animal that, in many ways, we are equal to and to a certain degree dependent upon. As one person, I cannot manipulate the market, but I can control my own small influence on it, which admittedly is only a small ripple. That means trying to apply what I know about bison to my own herd and assess the way my animals are living on the land. This is what we are trying to do at Tall Grass Bison. I get hundreds of people every year, from other ranchers to tourists, who are fascinated by bison. They want to come to a place where bison have a home on the land.
Sure, we raise animals that are ultimately killed and eaten. This is part of reality. We shouldn't run from it or pretend that it doesn't exist. We as a species live on other life forms whether we eat meat or are Vegans subsisting on plants or other organisms. As meat producers, we provide this food to others with monetary compensation in mind because that's how our economy works. But to do this sustainably and ethically, we need to remove superiority from the equation. Superiority of humans over the animals we produce. Superiority of one type of animal over another. Superiority of one cut of meat over another. Once this happens, the answers of how to be sustainable, ethical and profitable fall into place. It comes closer to a life of harmony.
NEWWEST.NET: At Tall Grass Bison, the name of your farm/ranch on the eastern Great Plains, you view your operation as a working laboratory where you are trying to practice what you preach, right?
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| Among the stewardship tools that Jackson uses is igniting controlled burns that mimic wildfires which blazed across the prairie historically, nurturing biodiversity and making grasses more nutritious for his bison. | |
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At each step in each subsequent generation, the elder could say how good his hams use to be and how raising hybrids instead of open pollinated corn meant supplements had to be fed to keep the pigs healthy. But each generation was faced with the same dilemma: "Value" of food shifted to become based on raw volume and weight. The more that was produced the better my recent ancestors could make a living on the farm. It created a different notion of prosperity but is it sustainable?
Really, how far back do we have to go to find out how Earth worked to provide for us? It doesn't take much research to bust today’s agribusiness hype that young animals are best and all other ages are “marked down” as a food. Europeans, even after the Industrial Revolution only a few generations ago, preferred mature animals. I could go back further, and I could note how the ancient Greeks preferred five year old oxen. Or we can stay on this continent and talk about indigenous peoples. Mature caribou were preferred by the Eskimos and mature buffalo for Plains Indians.
We have a bias against older animals, just as we have a youth-oriented bias against older people. My search, which lead me to a better understanding of equality between people and bison, lead me back to studying Native Americans. Fortunately these people were at the top of their game just prior to the arrival of white settlers and this coincided with bison having a very extensive family infrastructure. The information was recorded.
Colonel Dodge, quite the food connoisseur, noted the Plains Indians had over 500 hundred different ways of preparing bison. 500 different ways! Since they had no copies of Larousse Gastronomique, one had to assume the reason they had so many “recipes” was to utilize the nutritional components that bison and their extended families provide in sustaining them.
This nutritional knowledge was far more advanced than anything we know today. Meat from calves and yearlings, I found out, went to the very young in the tribe and the very old. These were the community members without good teeth and possessed compromised digestive systems (white explorers on the frontier scene had mistaken the preference by Indians for young animals because these animals were brought back to camp first. But it was to feed the young and older individuals).
For this part of the population maximum nutrition, given calories spent, wasn’t as important. I found out male members of the tribe needed more intense nutrition than females, if those females didn’t have the physical rigors of the men. For women, the milder meat of cows was preferred. The older segment of a bison herd, as long as they were in good health, again approached the “mild” level of nutrition. We had the whole herd now ethically accounted for and I then realized the buffalo jumps, the surrounds and the piskins were harvesting methods that honored all ages and classes of bison.
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| Jackson takes pride in opening his bison ranch to field trips for school children, helping them answer the question of where their food comes from. | |
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In the old times on the plains, these were the animals that were easiest to hunt by humans or predated on by wolves. Besides identifying these animals for harvesting we also knew we could harvest half the male population. In Yellowstone today, bulls are often the first to die from winter's effects. They die first because their competitive need to grow bodies fast means there have greater nutritional needs to maintain that body frame.
At Tall Grass Bison, our selection of bulls for harvest would never be as good as nature's but by looking at behaviors in the herd we can, with some certainty, select the bull groups the females are shunning.
As for the satellite or other outlying groups, those in bison herds are the same as most any wildlife population in susceptibility to hunting mortality. Use waterfowl as an example. The spin off duck and geese flocks were well known in hunting circles of being easiest to shoot.
We had the option to sell starter herds or harvest the superior meat in order to keep numbers of animals within carrying capacity on our landscape. For us, this meant our herd of 400 bison maxes out the 1,000 fertile acres we have. It is a limiting factor to our business but doesn’t have to be the limiting factor for herd vitality and ethical compatibility. Thus it is the same for any private or public herd. There was a compatible way to utilize all components and still have true restoration of social order herds.
After finding equality in ages and sexes of animals in food production, we needed to address the cuts of meat we were offering. Modern meat industry elevates one over the other and price according to their divisions in “quality.” To me, this degrades each animal. The Plains Indians' 500 ways of preparing bison had to include all cuts and parts of that animal. The search for better utilizing our animals was on.
NEWWEST.NET: And what did you learn?
BOB JACKSON: First, I found out that the meat industry's priority was placed on a relatively small area of animal anatomy—the hind quarters of cattle where all those steaks and tender roasts are located. But it did not match up with what the indigenous adult population needed for their maximum nutrition. These people gave the hinds to the camp dogs when meat was plentiful. Hunter-gathers, I discovered, sought different parts of the animals nutrition while modern meat industries went after a Holy Grail of uniformity and consistency. Of course, native peoples did not have vitamin pills to go along with Big Macs and filets like we do.
Industry had turned meat preferences completely around in the modern world and gave us an inferior product, a lot of burger and a lot of waste. It wasn’t fair to the animals we eat . Industry's approach to feed the different ages, sex, and health conditions of our complex human population meant delivering very narrow slices of the pie not for the good of the consumers but because it was convenient for them to maximize their profit.
The seasonings of our chefs might mollify our palates but what the meat industry puts on our plate is a meat from basically one age of animal, the 15 to 24 month old juvenile. Industry’s futile search for more profit will always be an exercise in compromise and its quest leads us further away from a basic understanding of nutrition.
More important yet, it also leaves a lot of mental table scraps in our heads. This “best animal” attitude, invented by industry, has created a prejudice and debasement among animal producers, as well as consumers, no different than the prejudices we form when we simplify the cultures of other peoples.
Old in our culture had become bad and youth was supreme. I should add that most livestock producers I know take pride in producing a whole animal, not one whose premium value is derived by focusing on only a few of its parts. Much of their hard work, including the grass that gets converted from sun energy into meat, is squandered once their animals leave the ranch and are trucked to feed lots and slaughter houses.
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| Jackson's Tall Grass Bison Ranch has become a tourist attraction and a place where agrarians hoping to get into the bison business can go to learn. | |
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The front half of an animal is used more than the hind because the front moves side to side as well as pushing forward. It may seem a bit morbid, but cannibals favored the forearms and fingers of their victims. But again unless we start to prejudice ourselves, all parts are considered equal in satisfying the needs of human populations.
In reality, appreciating all of the parts together make up for a better whole.
NEWWEST.NET: Are you suggesting that focusing on harvesting a single age class of meat animals doesn't work?
BOB JACKSON: Not if a top priority is delivering maximum nutrition to consumers. Nor does it show any respect for the nature of the animal. Nutrients can not concentrate as much in a young body that is growing. This is why mature animals were sought out by active human populations. Native people knew better. Not only do older animals have more flavor but this flavor is a result of nutrition. Mature animals also have what industry abhors, connective tissue and dense bones but this is where a lot of the nutrition comes from.
Our meat lockers hate us when we bring our field slaughtered bison in. They can only cut up three of our mature bison with their band saws before dulling the blade, while the same number of saws can go through 12 to 15 young beef. With industry assembly lines so dependent on speed this connective tissue and bone very much slows down production.
Nutrition also comes from the organ meats. Our six month old frozen liver from mature animals, in a study at Iowa State University, was found to have 19 times the amount of fat soluble vitamins as that obtained from fresh store bought beef liver. No wonder Indians ate the liver first.
Native Americans said buffalo was the only animal that could provide all their nutritional needs . If that's true, I’d have to guess it was because this animal had the best infrastructure of abundance and value on the Plains). They had to eat the whole animal to get nutrition, however.
The folly of modern industry’s search for the Holy Grail can best be assessed by what we see in the display counters at supermarkets. The most expensive cut of meat, the filet, is often wrapped in bacon to give it flavor. You tell me what's wrong with that? We are what we eat and the quality of the food that our food source—in this case, bison— eats is totally responsible for the nutrition we obtain from that animal.
NEWWEST.NET: You are going to find a lot of resistance from the beef industry which has spent billions of dollars teaching consumers not only what kind of meat is good for us and how it should be presented on our plates, but the industry has told cattlemen and women what they need to do to achieve a better financial return for their product. The cattle industry regards bison producers as a tiny niche market that they can just ignore.
BOB JACKSON: Bison are hardier and better adapted to the Great Plains than cattle because this is where they evolved. That gives them a competitive advantage that many former cattle producers are recognizing and they are making the switch because they no longer believe the script that the beef industry keeps feeding them. Their biggest fear is educated consumers who have serious doubts about industrial agriculture.
In fact, we need to throw out the rigid book of husbandry that has been preached and practiced in the West these past 150 years which, when you think about it, isn't a very long period of time.
There is nothing truly sustainable, and never will be, with today’s domestic agricultural practices that are geared to maximum production and don't take into account the toll of production that is hurting the land. Producers need to think differently about their animals. Land grant universities need to at least invite fresh ideas that challenge the norm.
Husbandry has focused on individuals. This is the opposite of raising complex social order herds like those that make bison bison. The ability for herd families to manage themselves is directly proportionate to our knowledge of how not to mess them up, i.e. today’s public bison herds.
NEWWEST.NET: How have you nurtured family structure with bison on your land?
BOB JACKSON: Anyone with enough area to support the roles provided by 30 multigenerational blood relatives can do it We have core power groups of 60 to 70 matriarchal animals, 2 to 3 spin off groups within the herd, plus bull groups on the side for a total of 300 animals.
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| A herd comprised of primary and extended bison families trails across Jackson's ranch. | |
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So how do we raise herd animals without all the pitfalls of human frailty? At Tall Grass Bison, it is imperative that we keep the core infrastructure that has been building for the last 30 years. The spin off or satellite groups are the ones we nurture for sale to other producers looking to get a head start on managing for family social order. We think of these sales as franchises, fully functional companies created with the lessons learned by the mother company, but with owner independence. The more complex this infrastructure, the more options for the manager. That is why I said large bison ranchers have the most potential in utilizing herd infrastructure. They can produce the most extensive natural, environmentally sustainable corporations in the world with multiples of extended families all learning from their ancestors and competing with the other departments to obtain the best traits. But lest we let this power go to our heads, the key to success for any sized social order producer is to remember the herd is the COMPANY and we are the caretaker.
NEWWEST.NET: So let's get this straight. You grow bison in family units, you make family structure the core element of your herd, and when you harvest or sell animals, your focus is on satellite family units that are offshoots of the main herd? Even when you cull animals for harvest, you identify self-contined families and then remove all of the members together?
BOB JACKSON: That's pretty much right. It results in less chaos and actually creates more stability and less stress for most of the animals.
NEWWEST.NET: Does it bother you to be harvesting family groups. Isn't that traumatic for both the animals and for you?
BOB JACKSON: Let me get back to the ethics and morality of killing animals. How can we kill something that is like us, having the same families and emotions?
When I pull the trigger on any animal for slaughter I have to think of the surviving extended family members that wait for days at the final gate of life…. for a loved one I killed after leading this animal through that gate.
My herd visits the bones of their deceased family member every year the same as elephants do. A grown up daughter will stay with a dying mother for the last week of her life, leaving only when the mother has nothing left of life.
I've witnessed other kinds of interactions as well; things I couldn't have believed unless I saw them with my own eyes. Bison take care of each other. I've watched grandmothers retrieve wayward offspring that wouldn't, for some reason, cross our road to reach new pastures. The grandmother would first join the milling herd and then in minutes go back through the gate to look for those that were missing. An hour later she might have one to 10 young bison with her ready to join the rest of the herd. Not only did she assume this responsibility but the family trusted her to bring back the ones inadvertently left behind.
In dysfunctional herds, where animals were culled or sold off willy nilly, every mother would have left the herd to rush to their young. Our non producing grandmother, one that every private commercial producer out there looks upon as a drain to that herd, thus delivered a huge benefit to the whole herd's health and welfare.
With knowledge of these emotions in bison, how can I kill? It took a lot of reading and introspection to come to peace with myself. Killing isn't easy, at least it isn't easy for me. I think anyone who hunts or kills needs to doing a little reflecting.
Killing affects us in ways not alway visible but it's important that we come to terms with our actions. I have read how impotence was a major problem among those human butchers working in the Chicago Stock Yards kill floors. I knew first hand how killing affected the locker plant guys to whom I took my animals for cutting up. They were numb to what they were doing and divorce rates were high in their profession. They internalized their emotions.
Soon I realized it was impossible not to give every animal I killed a prayer to them and their family. To be part of nature and raise them as part of nature I had to do the same thing all hunter-gatherers would do, honor and respect all forms of life.
I believe there is better way for everyone; otherwise, I wouldn't be doing this. The switch in operational attitude may, upon first glance, seem irrelevant to anyone but the producer. In reality it is a harbinger of philosophical change in how we view animals. By allowing bison and other animals the dignity of having a little self determination on the ranch or the refuge and national park, the consumer and general population is being exposed to a concept of greater respect of animals. This, in turn, allows researchers, public herd managers and decision makers to follow suit and “rediscover” what all hunter-gatherer populations knew, that there is uniqueness in all animals and in many ways they are reflections of us.
If, in the end, this year is not the “right time” for this kind of thought, for me it still means the satisfaction of knowing there is a better way still waiting to happen. Whether it is protecting the animals of Yellowstone from poachers or raising them on my farm, I am my Brothers Keeper in the animal kingdom. And so are you.
Click on the links below to read previous installments of the conversation with Bob Jackson.
- Part I: Controversial Yellowstone Ranger Becomes Bison Rancher
- Part II: Bob Jackson on “Bison Culture” And Traditional Ag
- Part III: In Animal Kingdom, Are Bison Equal In ‘Value’ To Humans?
- Part IV: What Does Bison Restoration Look Like? One Rancher’s View
- Part V: A Bare-Knuckled Poke At Public Bison Herds In the West
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Bison have the potential to leave the country unlike elk because bison can not flee to daily temporary safety (unless they are Mt. Bison).
I think putting the bait out there (hunting possibilities) for Montana folk is a good way to persuade people to allow bison herds out of the park. But it will have to be done with a plan that allows success. Have 2-3 car wrecks and a fatality from fleeing and paniced bison 40 miles down the road from where they are suppose to be and it all goes out the window.
I guess the best offense, in my opinion, for natural egress is the number of years it will take for bison to be on the Gallatin landscape in herd type numbers. Decision makers like to ok something they don't have to be personally accountable for. After this green light, of course, the fight in the trenches happens. The losers are bitter and thus will try to kill all scout bulls getting anywhere near Tom Miner or on US 191 heading North and the "real" activists will try to counter attack this sabatoging by "stocking" a few bison in the Valley. Its play out will be the opposite of what usually happens with self interest "sportsmen" where hunters and fishermen stock lakes and land with exotics.
It all is doable, however, and the more the plan to do so is developed the more the public realizes the proponents have the answers to logically make it happen.
As for the DOL and APHIS I think one needs to highlight the things that will split the stockmen from these govt agencies on this issue. I would do it only after giving the agencies a chance to come to the table. I don't think it will not be that hard to make this split happen and there doesn't have to even be any slander involved. It can occur on several fronts. A dramatic first is to show the cattlemen the NPS photos and video that captures what these govt. employees attitudes are on the ground at the bison corrals (do a freedom of Information request). These employees are an extension of those decision makers. No cattleman wants to see these cruel attitudes from someone who supposedly represents them on these issues.
Then I would hold APHIS to their word and call their bluff on wanting to truly eliminate brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone. This means a painted image to all those ranchers with brucellosis tainted elk on their ranches of proposed govt. actions. It means govt. employees in their fields hazing and then shooting all these elk, and it means they as ranchers have no control of these govt. people being there randomly all year round. Gates are left open and cattle put on less weight due to the stress.
Third, I'd demand independent testing of Montana's other elk herds. Does one really think brucellosis is limited to the Greater Yellowstone area? Then when brucellosis is found on ranchers lands far away from Yellowstone these ranchers get to feel what can happen to them. Fourth, I would get ahold of the Humane Society and insist they look in to the intolerable corralling situation. Any contact will have to be at the national level and it can not be carried out by Humane employees from the regional level. It is too much to ask of people who live in the area and not be adversely affected by taking on the govt. agencies in their back yard.
Marty made it clear the DOL would indeed enter private land to move bison out of Montana next spring with or without landowner permission. The old Munn's property on Horse Butte has been bought by some bison friendly folks and they want no part of this and have indeed already posted signs saying "Private Property - Bison Safe Zone" "Harassment of wildlife by any person or agency will not be tolerated". Marty told the crowd last night if we didn't like DOL's authority to enter private land we'd better talk to our legislators - a good piece of advice that I and I encourage others to followup on. We intend to offer a legislative solution that will address this infringement of private property and public property rights called the Montana Wild Buffalo Recovery and Conservation Act of 2009 at the next legislature.
Back to bison recovery and conservation in the Upper Gallatin. Reintroducing an intact family unit(s) of bison into the Upper Gallatin say at Dailey Creek in the Park or at Teepe Creek in the Gallatin Wildlife Management Area is a great idea and we actually recommended this to the governor last year when they captured several bison outside West Yellowstone and transfered them to the Stephens Creek Capture Facility and Feedground in the Park near Gardiner. Reintroduction could be done next year. However, the governor of Montana needs to hear from folks, because his current plan involves shooting 'em at the border and blaming the Park Service for not controlling and/or vaccinating "their" bison with ineffective cattle vaccines and inefficient delivery methods (bio bullets or some such nonsense). I see wild buffalo as valued native Montana wildlife that are currently all but ecologically extinct from the state of Montana. They deserve so much more.
Thanks so much for doing this series of interviews and for shedding some much needed light and the dire situation wild bison face in the Greater Yellowstone Area as well as around the country.
i raised the issue of the wyoming feedlots being the vector for disease transmission and that aphis should be working to close those down if they really wanted to prevent the spread of brucellosis and other diseases, which dr. gertonson basically said was up to wyoming to do.
thank you to newwest.net and to todd and bob for giving such much needed spotlighting on the plight of the yellowstone buffalo. i will continue to stand with and for the buffalo until they are once again allowed to be WILD & FREE. we must work diligently to begin formulating legislation that will change the way buffalo are mismanaged in the greater yellowstone area. and if people think this mismanagement can't be extended to elk they need to look at wyoming's capture, kill and test program on elk.
barb abramo
west yellowstone
The good news in southwest Montana is we have very few livestock feedgrounds (the Church Universal and Triumphant's 640 acre Trestle Ranch Property near Gardiner is the biggest) and only one wildlife feedground - the Stephens Creek Capture Facility in Yellowstone Park near Gardiner. Feedgrounds are the real problem. The CUT's property can be protected with a fence and perhaps some staffing from Feb. - June. The Park Service should remove the Stephens Creek Capture Facility and Feedground and stay true to its natural regulation model.
Remember, APHIS has long been looking at taking control of wildlife in the Greater Yellowstone Area. We need to send these federal bullies home. If you don't think this threat is real consider that the U.S. Animal Health Association, a conglomerate of primarily state and federal agricultural agencies or entities, has identified Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus as another disease they would like to eradicate from North America, not cattle, North America. More than 65% (67.5% to be exact) of the elk in the Gravelly Mountain Range of southwest Montana have been exposed to this livestock disease (Hamlin and Ross 2002). So, be advised that elk are moving into the APHIS crosshairs.
Again, protecting a few cows goes a long ways to establishing a foundation for a solution. I still believe most of the large landowners in the upper Madison, Gallatin and Yellowstone basins of southwest Montana are wildlife friendly. If we work together we can solve this thing.
i tip my hat to you glenn and bill and jim and other members of GWA which has been the only hunting group screaming loudly about the buffalo ... and always, a thank you to the buffalo field campaign for documenting this craziness for over ten years.
barb abramo
west yellowstone
My own loss of faith in industrial ag came about somewhere in the later 90's, farming out below the rims northeast of Cut Bank in country that's meant to raise buffalo, not wheat. There are buffalo jumps and teepee rings all over, not that I'm advocating a return to those methods!
Ten years later than most of my neighbors, I finally realized dirt farming there was like suicide by sandpaper, and it's back in native grass. Scored the record Environmental Benefits Index score for Toole County, if that's any consolation.
Old habits die hard, though, we're leasing some State ground in the Bozone, have gone organic, and today got to pitch my plans to the NRCS inspectors, who'd come around partly at my behest to have a look at an oilseed near-failure I'm currently enduring. Whether I sold them on this "new model" Bob talks about, well...
I get a crack at it. That's all you can ask. I personally think the potential is incredible. Once you get used to eating healthy there's no going back. Buffalo meat, especially. It's been our staple for five years or so now, and Bob, do you have your customers sign a disclaimer saying other red meats just won't be quite the same anymore?
I skinned buffalo Monday and Tuesday, and have been giving a LOT of thought to this respectful harvest matter lately. There weren't a lot of hunters in my lineage, but the gene resurfaced. Ran a game processing plant for fifteen years, now resurrected as a bison skinning/robe/skull sideline. So I've been around some death, but thank God not like an Upton Sinclair book or something. It definitely requires something hard to articulate, a blend of thanksgiving and respect, among other things. We work with the Flying D bison harvests, and in my experience the guides do a top-notch job conveying this to people. It's not something to be taken lightly. There's been sweetgrass ceremonies, a tear or three, and I'd like to think it gives most people pause, at least.
I'm glad to hear you've presented your vision to Turner management, Bob, as they are in the unique position to really implement it on a large scale.
I am primarily a public land hunter, though, and the opportunity we have with wild bison on these lands outside Yellowstone just boggles the imagination. Aldo Leupold was onto something with the "matrix", and Bob Jackson is onto it too. Both on public and private lands, it's time for a new look.
As to whether bison is THE red meat I would add Indians said the food (not just the red meat part of the animal) from bison gave them more power than any other animal. But, of course, power isn't the only attribute people needed to have. I can say Power is definitely in the food obtained from a mature bison raised functionally and having access to all the plants they historically ate. So far we are 3 for 3 for couples that could not conceive before eating our bison. For one couple the docs said there was no chance. All three times pregnancy happened within one week. Three does not make proof but I do believe Indians were right when they talked of “the power".
And as for getting producers to change to herds with social structure (one could also do it with cattle) it is not only producing the animals but it means changing the position of the head as it is affixed to the neck for many main stream ranchers and farmers. I am on, what I consider a very good and progressive advisory committee (BEHAVE), for "range science" at Utah State University. But the problem for even folks on this committee is grasping the idea of emotions as the overriding principle for efficient grazing in social order herds. Studies, at these University BEHAVE members schools, are done to identify leaders and how these “leaders” can be used to lead cattle to better graze and away from riparian areas. But I say their search for leaders is like saying the leaders in humans, those out in front, would then logically be the kids that run from grandpas car to the front door of the shopping center. Then they wait for grandpa and grandma to catch up. When they do the "leader kids" then rush to the door of the store waaay down the mall hallways but then stay there till the old folks catch up. Who is in front the whole time? The kids, so they must be the leaders, right?
Leaders in bison families are made, not born, and they have to be taught to be leaders. Thus the old time accounts told of 3-4 year old bison heifers leading the herd the ten to 15 miles to water. It is the same in the Park. The young ‘uns are always out front when the herd is grazing along. The real leaders won't show until danger or other times of need. It takes a lot of energy to be out front, something real leaders conserve.