Bozeman News

Conservation easements are an important tool to protect farm and ranchland, as well as wildlife habitat. It's great to see that the Sun Ranch has both. My concern is whether the place will truly be ranching food in the future. How will the land be accessible and affordable to the next rancher? Has Lange considered how this could be built into the easement--see the work Equity Trust has done around farm tenureship coupled with easements (http://www.equitytrust.org/Res_forFarmers.htm)?

The 10 three-acre "envelopes," slated for development (read: million-dollar mansions?), will be worth much, much more with this conservation easement. I would hope that the increased development value of these 10 parcels is subtracted from the overall easement value. The role of our tax dollars is not to facilitate the multi-thousand square foot homes surrounded by "open space" with limited public access.

But perhaps Lang is using these three-acre envelopes as a way to protect the larger ranch at a rate that is more affordable to the public and perhaps the next rancher. ?

Gosh, Marion, you're outraged by that wolf kill, but not others, and an advocate for ranchers, just not this time. Looks like you've been taking dancing lessons from Craig; you're just flying all over that old ethical map.

We need to start asking whether Roger Lang is deserving of what is clearly a carefully crafted image as a conservationist. He's already running cattle on his land--and anyone with any ecological awareness and education know that cows and land/wildlife conservation are not compatible. He certainly has no economic need to run cows. He can earn more money from his "ecotourism" business.

Now he's talking about bringing domestic bison onto his land and thus into the brucellosis imbroglio. Further, some of the discussion focuses on the construction of 3 300-acre pens for the vaguely defined purpose of "genetic research." Just what is that? Is he in fact negotiating to build additional wild bison quarantine sites, which clearly are incompatible with wild bison conservation? So far, he hasn't said.

He needs to say.

More livestock--particularly domestic bison--in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, given the alleged brucellosis problem, certainly doesn't benefit the conservation of bison, much less the conservation of elk, wolves, or grizzly bears. As this "conservation" easement proceeds, people need to start questioning Roger Lang much more closely about his intentions.

Remember, at least $4.5 million of public money is going to pay for this easement on private land. Those public funds are certainly a public investment in private enterprise, and our public investment in Lang's operations gives us the right to expect certain returns from our investment.

We get no return from the presence of domestic bison or cattle on Roger Lang's property.

Is Roger Lang a conservationist? Or is that merely a marketing scheme with no substance?

There are answers to Mr. Lang’s “dilemma of how to balance conservation and “use of the land”. But first, certain long held perceptions need to be looked at more closely to find those answers. These include understanding what “wild” and “domestic” means. Words such as these do not have to be exclusionary when applied to herd animals.
“Domestic” does not have to be a dirty word to ecologists, nor does “wild” have to be viewed as “inefficient” by ranchers. I look at “wild” the same as people think of the Bush administration when he calls their nations “evil”. Both “wild” and “evil” have their use coming from the unknown. Depending on ones bias each word, domestic or wild, can be looked upon as good or bad, fearful or awe inspiring. I spent 30 years in Yellowstone’s backcountry eliminating “fear” from my surroundings. I do not know what wild is.
If biologists and range scientists advising Mr. Lange had baseline knowledge of how herd animals developed through the ages as being dependent on extended family infrastructure for survival of each individual …. as well as understanding how this contributes to ecological compatibility and “domestic” landscape sustainability, then they could better advise Mr. Lang how to apply this knowledge to whatever herd animal he chose to put on his land. There would not be the frustrations.
Whether it is functioning cattle or bison makes no difference in the environmental long run when compared to all the ecologically fracturing disruptions both species have been subjected to. Yes, bison are native and therefore as each individual uses some of those traits for the better on original buffalo “lands”. This advantage pales, however, in comparison to all the positives social herds from both species are capable of.
Whether his animals are genetically “pure” or have genes of either of them “soiling” the other’s body is also insignificant when compared to the lack of either having the infrastructure needed for all successful species or human inspired organizations. How can it be better to study “pure” bison on his land than bison that tested one cattle marker out of thousands? Does one have characteristics not present in the other? Studies such as these are only applicable if we look at herd animals as each being an isolated individual.
If Mr. Lang required the ranchers who put cattle on his land to keep the horns on those cattle, and required extended family groups with all the roles within that group to be intact, then he would not have to worry about dealing with the negative publicity incurred when one of his employees ran down a wolf. Naturally occurring bovine families protect each other, whether it is bison or cattle. They do not become vulnerable to indiscriminate wolf predation by running away bug eyed as dysfunctional herd animals do.
Yes, he will probably have less death by wolves on bison than cattle because each individual bison can spin and kick to the side faster. But what good does this do if his herd, consisting of well studied pure but dysfunctional bison, can’t hold their ground and instead panics in face of a well seasoned “buffalo” wolf pack? As quoted in Monty Python and the Holy Grail, I see “Run away, Run away!!!” as being more appropriate for orders given by whoever is the King Arthur of these dysfunctional pure bison herds. Forget the “retreat” word used in functioning armies. Mr. Lang will occasionally have big holes blown in his fences not matter how strong or high if he has dysfunctional herds.
And if he required ranchers to maintain naturally occurring male segments of his “cow” herds on a year round basis (instead of agricultures and state F&W;biologists engrained mantra for bull-cow breeding ratios) Mr. Lang would not be quoted as saying “Traditional ranchers have to take care of the land, otherwise they lose productivity the next year”. Mature males can and sometimes prefer to eat a lot more coarser, “over mature” and dormant vegetation than females and dependents (kind of like men liking jerky more than women). Without this male population cattlemen erroneously do see the “need” to graze every year. I see the benefits of having normal amounts of males on the land all the time in my bison herd. I saw what male elk and big horn sheep ate in Yellowstone’s backcountry. Males spread the seeds in more than one way.
Mr. Lang also would not have to worry about man's Management Intensive Grazing to keep his land in what Range Sciences call the “productive” state if he changed management. He would also not have to listen to an applied science that feels the need to elevate man over his surroundings. It is all a bunch of bull. I grew up on an Iowa farm with five feet of black soil under me. I always heard my fertile land neighbors saying – and feeling – they were the most important people in the world. They would say, “We feed the world.” They then would hop into their air conditioned tractor, start plowing away, and not even give a thought to all the occupations and infrastructure needed to make their 150 bushel yields possible.
Efficiency is the same for all herd animals. Each segment of a social order herd has its role and these roles make for environmentally sustainable space … whether it is a “wild” or “domestic” creature. It is also the same whether this animal is in Yellowstone or on Mr. Lang’s ranch. The Pelican-Mirror Mt. Bison herd does it very well in ranch size settings, thank you ma’am.
As for possible eventual ‘contamination” with Yellowstone bison, who controls the turf will depend on two things; which has the best social family infrastructure, and which herd has the best sense of home. If his herd is well developed, Yellowstone’s egressing bison in search of the Promised Land will respect and use his herd and land as valuable genetic variety. Nothing more!!
When it comes to the needed dollar, something any private person in this country has to keep in the fore front, domestic and wild are the same whether one chose’s to market as either or both. Economics of social order herds well outweighs any dysfunctional animal. The meat is more nutritious, land herd management costs less and it is all sustainable. On top of all this they also have the spirit of "wild" animals, something our soul needs. Wow what a deal….and it was all there before humans even set foot on this earth and thought we needed to make a better earth.

I am trying to understand why we taxpayers paid $4.5million for a conservation that gets us absolutely nothing, no public access, no expanded hunting opportunities, and no curtailment of commercial hunting.

Lang has the wealth to have donated this easement (such as Turner did) instead he decided to fleece the pockets of the taxpayers so he could buy another ranch in the Bitterroot where he will probably play the same ploy.

If he is so concerned the environment, why did he not remove the 200 subdivision lots? This something he could have done on the cheap with a title restriction, instead our congressional representatives and the Forest Service have decided to waste $4.5million of very precious habitat monies for something with no public benefits. What a swindle! Another good example of welfare for the livestock industry.

What a crock of manipulative tripe. Marion, you have no shame.

It never ceases to amaze me the number of people who apologize for the livestock industry when its history of intransigence, dishonesty, mendacity, greed, and brutality toward people and wildlife is so clear and still playing out in contemporary times. One need only look at the abuse of Yellowstone bison to understand that the industry has changed very little in how it does business from the range wars of a century ago. The industry's only interest is maintaining its illegitimate oligarchical status in the face of the West's changing demographics and values.

My assertion regarding the incompatibility of livestock and wildlife/land conservation may be counter-productive--however only if you're an apologist for the industry or have a vested interest in it--but it certainly isn't flawed. The science behind this assertion is extensive and unimpeachable. Cows and conservation are not compatible and no amount of manipulation of the facts or ideological pro-livestock propaganda will change that.

The only thing the industry has going for it now is the open spaces argument, upon which this issue of conservation easements is based, but George Wuerthner has dealt with that argument in detail and conclusively; we cannot in fact prevent development at the large and necessary scales conservation requires because conservation does not maximize returns on financial investment by developers. In other words, market forces drive development of ranch lands. Truly, what we're "saving" through such easements--or even outright purchases--in the face of such extensive greed is pitiously small. This is why what public lands we already have or can acquire and devote to wildlife habitat are so critical.

While I have the greatest respect for Bob Jackson's extraordinary knowledge of bison behavior, I cannot agree with his discussion of the meanings of wild vs. domestic, which at base asserts that allowing bison to live out their life history can occur within limited habitat, such as defined by a parcel of private property, so "wild" and "domestic" really don't matter in any discussion about wildlife.

I would argue that the kinds of movement restrictions under which bison must exist in commercial operations such as Jackson's, no matter how enlightened, do in fact prevent bison from living out their life histories as evolved over milliennia and even millons of years on millions of acres. Bison are not deer mice or pocket gophers that evolved to survive with limited ranges.

In short, the wildness or domesticity of an animal is partly a function of the animals' freedom or lack thereof to live out its life history as it evolved in native habitat.

This is precisely the ecological issue we are facing with Yellowstone bison, not to mention Wyoming's feedground elk as well asw wolves and grizzly bears facing management plans from the States of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem that explicitly intend to restrict and obstruct their movement. We are in fact engaged in explicit policies to destroy their wildness (and doing a good job of it).

The issue is control; the issue is the least intensive management humanly achievable versus heavy handed, livestock style management.

An understanding and acceptance of this distinction between wild and domestic is absolutely vital to achieving some level of conservation of these animals as wild animals.

To return to the Sun Ranch easement. It is my understanding that negotiations over the easement did in fact, and perhaps still do, address the presence of domestic bison on the ranch as well as the construction of 3 large inclosures for "genetic" research, the nature of the research and whether wild or domestic bison would be involved left unspecified.

I am not satisfied, given the limited amount of information that has released out regarding this easement, that it will be beneficial to bison conservation, or conservation in general, in Montana. We need to know the exact terms of the easement, which is our right given the large public investment involved.

In any case, there is no doubt in my mind either politically or biologically that the presence of domestic bison--as livestock--on the Sun Ranch would further obstruct efforts to expand the range of bison outside the Park.

The blunt fact is, as a practical matter bison conservation requires the removal of all (brucellosis vulnerable) livestock from whatever potential bison range we can create.

Roger Lang is quoted in David's story thus: “If and when society says ‘let’s let bison roam again,’ then I want to be in a position to help ... I don’t want this easement to preclude Sun Ranch from participating in those kinds of issues.”

I would like to remind Roger Lang that in fact society has proclaimed "let bison roam." Public opposition to the bison plan was extensive, widespread, and vocal. It still is. That opposition was acknowledged in the Final EIS and ROD for the bison plan, and is still acknowleged by the agencies. It's just that the agencies have become so profoundly captured by the Montana livestock industry that public concerns and opposition simply DO NOT MATTER. The National Park Service and the Montana Department of Fish Wildlife and Parks have abdicated their authority and responsibility for the conservation and protection of bison in the public interest to a negligible private interest--the livestock industry. This is neglect of the public trust no matter how often and loudly they deny it.

I have discussed in other fora how the livestock industry has provided no evidence whatsoever that brucellosis is the severe threat to the livestock industry that is claimed. Based upon the experience here in Wyoming with loss of brucellosis free status for two years, it is clear that loss of status had no significant ability of Wyoming livestock producers to market their cattle out of state, nor is there any data to demontrate a decline in prices from loss of status.

The Final EIS for the Jackson Hole Bison and Elk Plan in Wyoming noted that increased costs to Wyoming producers from loss of brucellosis free status constituted only 1% of total production costs.

Brucellosis a serious disease? Horse manure.

In short, for a lot reasons, the so-called brucellosis problem is actually the brucellosis fraud. The bison plan in Montana, like the elk and bison plans in Wyoming, has nothing to do with maintaining the economic viability of the livestock industry. The purpose of the bison plan is not disease control to protect Montana's cattle from brucellosis, but to control wild, free-roaming bison for the oligarchical (political power) benefit of the livestock industry.

The true character of the livestock industry as I defined it above is unmistakable.

It seems to me that Roger Lang, if he really wanted to be a conservationist and conform to broad social consensus regarding wild free-roaming bison, would throw open the Sun Ranch to wild free-roaming bison. This would require courage and political-legal savvy, but it would certainly benefit bison and wildlife conservation.

I would love to spend 8 hrs. per day for 2 weeks discussing with you, Robert, what WILD means. Though I am relatively new to these forums, I agree with much of what I have read of your comments. I think we are looking at the same WILD but thinking of it in different words. My above comment was already too long otherwise I would have described the parameters of my interpretation of WILD a bit more.

I know well MY idea of wild because I faced the image of WILD all the time in the backcountry with rangers, biologists or visiting backcountry users wanting desperately to be identified with an illusionary concept of WILD. Too many of these people craved to make it a core part of not only their professional but also their personal identity. It became so counterproductive to them. Their emotional identity needs were based on the same things as those who want to move to the WILD West. If I was to survive in my surroundings, I could not fall into this trap.

But this emotional need for mysticism of WILD means the very people who should be figuring out what is going on in the WILD are unable to. It’s kind of like keeping one’s eyes closed during sex. It feels good the way it is and we don’t want our image ruined or see what our partner needs by opening our eyes.

Breaking down the emotional WILD means trying to find out, with all our might, what makes WILD tick. Gradually there is no more WILD. At least that is the demise of my WILD.

If we apply this understanding of nature to herd animals, we soon realize it is not cows (cattle) that are a problem with the environment but the people who raise them in ways that stymie how cows would live without man manipulating them. This is what I think you mean when you talk about the “heavy handed” management by today’s cattle ranchers. If they understood how to raise cattle more in tune with how cattle lived before Man “domesticated” them, and also realized this management was more economically sustainable, then I think many “heavy handed” and abusive practices would disappear. The South American Indians hunted a lot of vital wild cattle herds of domestic origins on the Argentine Pampas. Ranchers in N. America could also allow for the same formation in their herds and thus the surrounding ecosystem would be much better for it. It is not perfect but it would be 100 times better for the environment than what we see happening on the land today. If private ranchers did not want to change for fear of economic failure then at least the public could require sustainable herds on public lands. Thus subsidized govt. “experimentation” could lead the way for ranchers to change.

To understand wild in herd animals, we need to understand these animals. If we realize all herd animals have homes and these homes need to be defended, then we realize they maintain their own “fences” and boundaries around each of their homes. Thus, bison do not need millions of “wild” acres to be viable. Herd animal life is based on a system of multiples and these systems can be large or small.

The bison most of us think about in our romantic minds is the former Plains bison and its herds of millions of bison. But lots of Eastern USA had smaller but still viable populations of bison where large number infrastructure was not possible due to large expanses of forest. Roger Lang’s ranch is probably bigger than the acreage enclosing the “pasture fence” around Yellowstone’s Mirror-Pelican Mountain bison herd. In this minuscule area, they have successfully lived for thousands of years. They now have dangers to their survival but it is not because of their doing but this is another story. Mr. Lang has enough land to make his own viable “wild” bison herd(s). It would take 15-20 years to “make” these herds functional but it could happen. That’s what I did. Purists could, of course, label it “domestic” if they had the emotional need to hang on to that mystical WILD feeling. In the end, it would still be the same sustainable herd that ecologists and environmentalists strive for. Yes, Mr. Lang’s herd, however, would never be as cultured as the expansion herds from Yellowstone bison families because it doesn’t have the culture of Yellowstone’s herd. But with only 75 years under the belt for Yellowstone’s Lamar Ranch descendents, earth time is not that much different.

The principles of vitality and wildness are not limited to bison and cattle, however, when it comes to turf. Grizzly Bears have their homes and maintain their own fences. They do not open their gates to others unless they are invited. Most elk in Yellowstone use its lands as their summer homes. They then travel to lower elevations to their winter home. It can be a hundred miles away. Does this mean elk need millions of acres to be viable? Not when one understands there are also herds (the 300 animal Yellowstone Delta elk herd) in Yellowstone, who call home an invisibly fenced in area maybe 5x5 miles. These Delta elk are some of the most majestic animals I have ever seen and they have lived in this small area for thousands of years. Yes, there are genetic inclusions from other singular animals in any naturally occurring herds. But the core extended family group remains the same.

Thus, if one understands how herd animals tick we can “raise” them in so called “domestic” environments to have similar vitality as seen in both the Pelican buffalo and the Delta elk herd. All they need is enough area so more than one family can live. Multiple family developments means interactive uniqueness needed for vitality. No, the predators will not be the same but every species has internal as well as external controls to keep them vital. In the absence or deficiency of one, the other control takes on more significance.

Everyone wants to call Yellowstone’s bison WILD. But without predators for all this herd’s formative years, I ask, what would make this herd wilder and supposedly more functional than a herd that had the same amount of land they occupy now (and it is very little of Yellowstone) … but was fenced by a rancher or game preserve operator? There is no difference in wildness if management, land and fauna are the same. As unknowledgeable humans, we are unable to see those fences in the WILD. And I need to add, the animals of this country we now consider as having superior wild traits, such as elk and deer, are being subjected to state imposed management practices that makes them less ecologically sustainable than any larger rancher who managed for extended family order. To say this, for me as one who lived and appreciated being in the most remote spot in the lower 48 for 30 years, means we have a sad state of affairs in this country, whether it is private or public lands.

The states can not take out, via skewed sex hunting regulations, most of any species’ males without severely compromising that population and its environment. They also can not select for “harvesting” only individual animals with no regard for what it does to extended family infrastructure and think WILD means everything is hunky dory. In MY “pristine” Yellowstone, hunting regulations outside the Park meant matriarchal extended elk herds summering there had trouble maintaining family stability. The numbers of animals that F&G;depends on may have been there but the level of infrastructure was severely compromised. It would be like saying 100 start up companies had the same efficiency as one corporation with well developed infrastructure. The lack of male populations also means wolf predated elk herds had to school up into much larger herds in the fall for protection and the few bulls in these easily found herds become sitting ducks for outfitters. The fear and panic in these elk’s eyes was there for anyone to see. I quit hunting elk because of this. At least on my farm, I can manage my take to allow most of the “wildlife” a self determining life.

Just because hunted animals run doesn’t encapsulate all of wild. The elk in Mammoth graze amongst the buildings and tourists. Their life is the same as all their outlying cousins except they carry it all out surrounded by tourists. Does this mean they should not be deemed wild? I contend these non fearing elk family groups are a lot more compatible and sustainable with their environment than all the dysfunctional, fear induced and hunted elk outside Yellowstone. The Lewis and Clark journals tell of coming upon elk and buffalo herds that had no fear of man. Should these animals be labeled domestic? Using the same modern day logic by biologists and sporting groups today, would we say Lewis and Clark’s non hunted animals had to be inferior … because these animals needed to be hunted to maintain viable and healthy populations?

No, vitality of any herd animal depends on its ability to express emotions which can only come from extended family make up. That is why I say Wild and Domestic can be the same animal. Public lands are important because we as citizens have a say in their use. Hopefully, my inputs mean greater understanding of how these systems work and this knowledge can be implemented before exploitation and abuse renders these lands further impaired. The same can be said for private lands. I believe anyone who locks these lands in from exploitation is giving us another day. A caring land owner, on the other hand, can enact positive changes so much faster than seen in today’s public service sector. Roger Lang can do it. So can those people setting seasons for our public herds.

Thank you for your question Mr. Skinner. It makes me start thinking of possible answers. The only problem is one could write a book answering just this one question. So I will try and keep it short and focus of what I think you are talking about concerning the brucellosis issue.

The simple answer is, the more infrastructure the more the extended family wants to protect their members …. and the more ways they have to protect each constituent. Thus there is no single matriarchal leader in well formed up social order families. Instead there are many matriarchs just like the Indian tribes had many chiefs (which the US Army never figured out). This knowledge did not pass by the buffalo hunters in order to make a successful stand however. As quoted in second person by buffalo hunter, Vic Smith, a person I found to be a despicable and very prejudiced individual,

“In the winter of 1881, Vic killed over 4500 buffalo on the Red Water, and he had his men haul the hides to Glendive on the Yellowstone River. He made the largest killing in one stand on the record–107 buffalo in less than one hour. The method he pursued was to approach a herd of buffalo, pick out an old cow, and shoot her just in front of the hips. Then he would hit another cow in the same place, always picking the old cows, as their children, grandchildren, cousins, and aunts would stop with the wounded. When shot in that spot, an animal, be it elk, deer, or buffalo, seldom gives more than one or two jumps and stops still, all humped up with pain. After placing about 15 shots where they were most needed, he had the herd stopped and the buffalo paid no attention to the subsequent shooting.” The Champion Buffalo Hunter

Of course the dependents stayed there because of the horror of it all not because they were stupid. That being said, the animals of Yellowstone and my herd acts entirely different in corral situations than the dysfunctional herds of the Bison Range and Utah’s Antelope Island (Yellowstone corralling operations personnel and their dysfunctional herd advisors have yet to figure this out). Add to this, in open space situations such as Yellowstone, we not only have to be aware of one but many leaders leading the family to safety. What Yellowstone and the Bison Range have in common in corralling, however, is the infusion of TERROR. It makes for animals being long term traumatized. With dysfunctional animals they become numb. In functional herds they leave the area whether there is a HOME or not. That is part of the reason why Indians did not hunt extended families in the summer and early fall.

Summer is not the time to do any corralling, whether dysfunctional herds or not. Many calves get crushed and if sorting means separation of mother and calf for even one night the cow will no longer claim it. Corralling of bison is done in late fall and winter, which means little corralling of Yellowstone Bison in Yellowstone. This is because its high elevation meadows are not accessible then.

I don’t know about the Antelope Island corrals but Moise’s new corrals are just as poorly designed as Yellowstone’s. If you ever get a chance to view them, look at the 150-200’ of single animal wide alleyway leading to the squeeze chute. There is no way for an animal to be released from this tunnel. If they get flipped upside down they have to be drug out from either end. And with lots of animals running in this tunnel this also means any downed animal being trampled. There is a lot of traumatizing going on in the Moise corrals.

The only place and time any corralling (I am taking my feelings out to say this) of YNP bison could happen is during the winter. The door has already been opened and I would say just about all of Yellowstone’s Lamar and Hayden Plains bison would migrate out of Yellowstone for the winter within the next 20 years if left undisturbed. Then they could be “handled” when bulls are separate from cow-calf herds and they don’t move as fast. The success of any vaccination program means the herds have to be allowed to winter OUT of the Park. One would also have to start baiting them with hay just like the Rangers did for winter corralling at the old buffalo ranch when Yellowstone’s plains bison were very dysfunctional.

Summer corralling in Yellowstone would be the worst time for the welfare of any herd. Heat builds up in worked up adult bison and this means bulls become sterile and cows die. Ignorantly, this is the time Park biologists still does most all their intrusive studies and it has disastrous effect on these herds. It is why 6 helicopter netted bison died in one summer.

Summer is not the time to vaccine any bison in Yellowstone whether it is by corralling or by darting. The first kills directly and the later means cow calf herds leave the country. I hope this answers your question, Dave.

To answer your questions, Bearbait, I pose another that I have asked before. To maintain infrastructure, is it more detrimental to remove key elements of, let’s say all three towns in one county, or totally remove one town and leave infrastructure intact in the other two ... so they can absorb the resources of the defunct third town?

The Indians used the later method of food procuring in the use of piskuns, surrounds and jumps. They killed all of a family instead of fracturing many. Most buffalo jumps meant at most 25-35 animals dying. Judging from the analysis of sex and age killed, it appears to me those put over the cliffs were matriarchal family groups. Not only that, but it looks to me like most victims of jumps were animals of spin off satellite groups. This is logical because these were the groups most vulnerable to hunting, similar to the spin off duck and goose flocks today. The bones of very few older bulls were in remains at the bottom of these jumps. This is also logical because it is hard to force bulls anywhere.

I do not know if this was a conscious endeavor in sustainability by Natives, but they definitely knew it was better to kill all of the members of a family so as to not allow savvy bison to thwart future hunts. When using the surround method, a way of hunting used after horses came on the scene, every escaping mature individual was run down pronto. The younger ones fleeing to the fringes were dispatched with more leisure because the hunters knew these emotionally dependent animals would not leave the scene without their mothers and older brothers and sisters.

Yes, there were also a lot of individual hunters going after individual animals throughout the year but think of what was easiest to pick off prior to the gun. It was mostly the naive and it was the animal on the edges of the herd, the ones the families shunted to the outside. Call it callousness of families if one wants, but elimination of these members did nothing but benefit the infrastructure of these herds. These were also the same animals the wolves found easiest to kill.

As for predominance of killing cows, it happened after Whites came on the scene and the Indians had to trade the thinner and easily tanned hides of cows with them for the guns needed to protect their families.

Also, as the infrastructure of the tribes was breaking down, it was harder for the elders to control the hunting of the herds by the young braves. Thus it is the whooping across the prairies on their horses Buffalo Bill style that was most recorded by Whites.
There was not a preference for cows and their dependents for food as is commonly thought and written. Yes, females were preferred in the winter but the bulls had more fat on them than cows in the later part of spring and summer. Thus the Plains Indians Spring and Fall hunt…. the first for males and the second for matriarchal extended families.

The use of all ages and the sexes of hunted mirrored the needs of the tribal components … young animals for the old and very young, and mature and robust animals for the active constituents of the tribe. Extraction of the nutrient rich connective tissue and bones of the mature animals took longer to obtain, however. Thus if Indians were on the run from Whites they had little time to boil down these components. Therefore, in these times they had to settle for the less nutrient laden young animals. This further skewed Whites assessment of what Native Americans preferred.

Finally, yes, I agree the buffalo would have been eliminated by the Indians once the horse and rifle came on the scene, but only because Whites intervened in a well balanced system and buffered the attacks of tribes upon other tribes. With any new weapon or tool comes there are counter measures in nature to neutralize one species’ or population’s advantage over another. Thus wars by humans always meant no man’s land (today’s National Parks and locked in non hunted private lands) between combatants. This is where wildlife was left alone and flourished.

Population controls within any species, in this case, humans, also meant these new weapons would be used to limit populations within that species. Yes, guns can kill animals faster. But the same guns can kill the people faster that kill those animals. Thus having a lethal weapon such as the gun should have meant elimination of tribes (with their spin off satellite groups going first) and other tribes flourishing. The question of whether it’s better to fracture all towns or eliminate one entirely comes into play again.

As for temperature and bison distribution limitations, these animals were originally found in what is now Northern Mexico and in Texas. I think geographic distribution has more to do with availability of grasses and forbs and the protein content in this vegetation than temperature. In areas of high rain fall, protein goes down. Thus if climate change means trees are being replaced with grass lands then lands suitable for bison should expand.

The above responses constitute very brief “answers”. I hope it helps but at the same time leaves the mind to ask even more questions. It is the only way to save the bison.

Mr. Jackson, please tell us how in the world the Americn Indians were able to separate the buffao according to families. They were running big herds to the jumps.
Any time big herds run together moms and calves get separated, I fail to see how you determine relationship of the bones in the old jumps.

I must have missed something but what I read was '“I don’t plan on getting out of the cattle business and I don’t plan on raising domestic bison, so we’ll have to figure something out” Lange explains.' KEY PHRASE: I don't plan on raising domestic bison,'

IF Cattle were allowed to roam like the Bison SHOULD be, they wouldn't destroy the land. The reason they are accused of it is because of FENCES, and human intervention. Cattle are a grazing animal and would, like the Bison, move to other areas. Unlike sheep who will eat the plant and the root system.

Cattle like most other animals are more concerned with where the next meal is, and NOT with whom they share the table.

More destruction of the lands is caused by humans on ATV's, bicycles, and on foot.
Blaming cattle, and not the ranching practices is wrong.

As was mentioned in an earlier post, Brucellosis is a hyped up disease. Since the public is more apt to swallow the disease issue instead of the grass issue, the 'authorities' continue to BS us all.
As with Rabies it's much easier to vaccinate the domestic. Before you jump, I understand that when a rabid animal is found that it is best to destroy that animal BUT RABIES, unlike Brucellosis, IS a SERIOUS disease. If Marion had her way and they were ABLE to vaccinate ALL of the wild life for Brucellosis, then a stronger strain of the disease would arise, hence a need for a stronger vaccine. Thus a vicious cycle and waste of time and money. Where as if you keep the domestic in check you don't have to worry about the 'wild'.

I for one would rather my Tax-payer money be spent on a conservation easement than on the Idiotic Bison hazing, slaughter activities that are being done. I would much rather see land left alone,or with minimal development, than a bunch of houses whether they be Million dollar homes or trailer houses. It doesn't matter to me if I am NOT allowed to enter that property now or ever because there are still millions of acres of 'public' land that I can enter any time I so desire. With the property in the easement, the animals are allowed to expand thus having more of them available on the neighboring 'public' lands. And we all know that the animals are NOT the destroyers of the land it is the HUMAN encroachment.

Mr. Jackson, Are any of the public or private land owners listening to you?

This is one on the most informative discussions that I have read & in no small part due to the civility of the discussion (I will make printed copies as I must re-read may of the points several times). I believe most readers of this web site--regardless of which side a specific issue that may support-- love the land & wildlife & agriculture & all want some rational solutions that will allow future generations to enjoy the endemic values of this "place".

Bob, it's not the infrastructure leading the blind down the wrong path, but rather the carrot that awaits the journey. Both governmental stewards and private owners are driven by survival instincts, they follow the money-- the medium of exchange for both societal and personal prosperity while alleviating serious, reactionary discontent. The successful campaign theme during the Clinton years was, "It's the economy, stupid." That theme is being dusted off again for this cycle.

Bob, I've tried eating radish green tops. They are high in vitamins and minerals. They truly were bitter.

Unless there is a "win-win" for societal prosperity and individual effort, the animals will suffer. Just a statement of "what is so."

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