Who is Responsible for Cambodia’s Killing Fields?
By Nick Gier, Unfiltered 4-23-10
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With the 35th anniversary of the fall of Saigon coming up on April 30, most of us forget that the Cambodian capital fell to the Communists the same year on April 17. Led by Pol Pot and his henchmen, the Khmer Rouge launched an insane campaign of retribution that led to the death of about 2 million people.
In 1968 the Khmer Rouge numbered only a few hundred comrades, so what made it possible for the most extreme element of the Cambodia left to come to power?
Norodom Sihanouk, now the beloved “King-Father of Cambodia,” right-wing leader Lon Nol, the North Vietnamese, Communist China, and Richard Nixon must all share in the blame.
In March 1945 Sihanouk declared Cambodia’s independence, but the French, with U.S. support, reclaimed its colonial possessions in Indochina. While Ho Chi Minh went to war with the French, Sihanouk remained staunchly anti-Communist and the French allowed him retain his throne.
Cambodia’s independence was granted in late 1953, and the French were forced to leave Indochina after their defeat at Dien Bien Phu in May of 1954.
While remaining officially anti-Communist and neutral during the Second Indochina War (our conflict), Sihanouk allowed the Vietnamese Communists to move supplies along on his side of the border and to use the port of Sihanoukville.
In March of 1970 Lon Nol, a right-wing army general deposed Sihanouk and condemned him to death in abstentia, but the Cambodian people rallied to their prince’s side. Lon Nol insisted the North Vietnamese leave their Cambodian bases, but their response was to support Pol Pot and send 40,000 troops to the outskirts of Phnom Penh.
Sihanouk allied himself with Pol Pot and, mainly as a result Sihanouk’s prestige, Khmer Rouge forces grew from 6,000 to 50,000. Just like the corrupt South Vietnamese generals on whom we lavished support, Lon Nol did not have a chance against disciplined Communist soldiers.
In 1969 President Richard Nixon ordered secret bombing attacks in Cambodia and Laos, and then launched an invasion of Cambodia on May 1, 1970. The first killing fields were Cambodian villages where, from 1969-1973, hundreds of thousands of people died by B-52 bombing raids.
Yale historian Ben Kiernan has done the most extensive surveys of the actions of the Pol Pot regime. Over 60 percent of those interviewed said that they turned to the Khmer Rouge because B-52s destroyed their villages.
After Pol Pot ordered several major cross border attacks, the Vietnamese finally lost their patience with the Khmer Rouge. Early in 1979 they launched an invasion of Cambodia and the Pol Pot regime crumbled within months. The Khmer Rouge were able to hold out for years in the jungles, primarily because of Chinese and North Korean aid.
Because President Ronald Reagan did not want to give any credit to the Vietnamese Communists, he opposed giving the Khmer Rouge’s UN seat to the new government. At the same time the U.S. gave aid to rebel forces who were opposed to the Vietnamese imposed government.
The indirect effect U.S. aid was to support the Khmer Rouge, who were in a coalition with the other rebels, and whose troops levels went back up to 35,000. The Vietnamese had to expend considerable effort to defeat Pol Pot’s forces, and he was finally forced over the border where the pro-American Thai government protected him.
In 1989 the Vietnamese withdrew all of its forces, and under UN auspices elections were held in 1993. Thirty years too late, the first Khmer Rouge official, simply known as “Duch,” is now being tried for crimes against humanity.
For the first time since the French Protectorate of 1863, the Cambodian people can pursue their own affairs without adverse external interference. They no longer have to fear a madmen such as Pol Pot or dread quarter-ton bombs dropping from 30,000 feet.
Nick Gier was co-president of the Student-Faculty Committee to End the War in Vietnam in 1965-66 at Oregon State University. He taught philosophy at the University of Idaho for 31 years. Read or listen to all of his columns at www.NickGier.com
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Comments
Let's see, wasn't the B-52 bombings limited to 20 miles from the border. I guess 60% of the Kmer Rouge lived within 20 miles of the border.
OK, I served with the US Army in Vietnam, turned against the war later and have lived in Vietnam and Cambodia since 1994. 60% of those interviewed? What does that mean? Where did the interviewees live? How many were interviewed? 10? 100? 1000? 10,000? I don't deny that the bombings were a recruiting tool for the K.R., I have flown over those areas in light planes and even today the visible craters are shocking. But to pin the K.R. takeover (and the K.R. atrocities) on these bombings as Chomsky and Pilger love to do, is ludicrous. I wish more people would actually go to Cambodia and talk to participants and survivors of that period before making blanked pronouncements. At least Kiernan has done this but to quote out of context is to do him and the khmer people a disservice.
You must be talking about Operation Menu, which was the first bombing campaign from 1969-1970, which, as far as the record shows, stayed with a limited area near the Cambodian border.
But you have neglected to mention Operation "Freedom" Deal, a massive and geographical extensive campaign from May 19, 1970 to August 15, 1973. During this time the U.S. dropped more ordnance (250,000 tons) on Cambodia than we did on all of Japan (180,000 tons). I'm sure that the Cambodians did not experience any freedom in incredible terror of these indiscriminate raids.
While denying Lon Nol's request for American troops, Nixon told Kissinger to go all out: "They have got to go in there and I mean really go in. I want them to hit everything. I want them to use the big planes, the small planes, everything they can that will help out there, and let's start giving them a little shock." Kissinger passed on the order to the Air Force: "A massive bombing campaign in Cambodia. Anything that flies on anything that moves."
Dear Tom: Thanks for your service. Please note that I lay blame on six different persons or nations, not just Nixon. In "The Pol Pot Regime" (2nd ed., p. 19) Kiernan's reference for the 60% figure is from interviews conducted by G. C. Hilderbrand and G. Porter with Cambodian refugees in 1971, which was legitimate enough for the U. S. General Accounting Office to enter in the Congressional Record on April 18, 1973, p. S7812.
I've spent a total of 13 days in two trips to Cambodia, but I was not conducting any interviews and I was careful about the way I asked any questions. My driver for my tour of Angkor Wat had lost most of his family to the Khmer Rouge, but I found myself much more angry than he was about his tragedy.
This is not at all unusual from what I have read about the sentiments of the Cambodians and the Vietnamese, where I just returned from a two-week trip. It may be their Buddhist faith that allows them to forgive and forget in ways that most of us are incapable.
http://www.zcommunications.org/bombs-over-cambodia-new-light-on-us-air-war-by-taylor-owen
Johnson shot Kennedy to start the "Big war" crime in Indochina
KR are communists. Communists commit genocide. Everything Nixon did was designed to (1) defeat the Soviet bloc (2) without starting WWIII. He vowed to do that in 1952. We did that, didn't we? Had we not, KR would just be a footnote in the annals of Marxist atrocity--assuming anyone was alive on earth to research them.