Book Excerpt
An Excerpt from “Wolfer: A Memoir”
By Guest Writer, 1-21-11
For 26 years, Carter Niemeyer worked for USDA Animal Damage Control in Montana, where he was a trapper, a district supervisor, and the West’s wolf management specialist. He retired in 2006 from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as the federal wolf recovery coordinator for Idaho. The following is an excerpt from his new memoir Wolfer (BottleFly Press, 374 pages, $17.99). Niemeyer’s speaking engagements are listed on his website.
Once the shine of reintroduction had worn off, the troubles between people and wolves resumed, each living up to their worst traits.
After returning from a trip to Albuquerque, where the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service was wrestling with problems related to Mexican wolves, there was more trouble in the Ninemile: this time on a ranch in Huson, Montana, owned by actress Andie MacDowell.
Everybody in the valley knew the actress as Rose Qualley. She and her husband, Paul, and their three children lived there. Like a lot of celebrities who decide to buy a ranch in a remote part of the West, they were taken aback when wild animals showed up in their yard. I drove to the Qualley place, taking federal wildlife agent Rick Branzell with me.
Paul Qualley answered the door wearing only a towel. He was healing from a groin sprain, an old football injury, he said. He sat on the couch and told us about their calf that was killed right behind the house. The calf had frostbitten feet that were recently wrapped by a veterinarian. It couldn’t walk, Paul said, so it was an easy target.
This wasn’t the Qualleys’ first run-in with wolves. They’d purchased a guard dog to protect their children from the large predators that lurked in that area – mountain lions and wolves in particular. Wolves killed the dog, however, eviscerating it next to the kids’ swing set. The wolves’ most recent victim, the Qualleys’ 300-pound calf, lay covered with a tarp. I walked around the site to figure out what happened. Then I skinned the carcass to determine the cause of death. The wolves, I decided, had attacked the calf as it stood next to a salt block, then dragged it about 50 feet, leaving a distinct blood trail. It had been bitten under its front legs and had a hole ripped open in its flank. Massive hemorrhaging killed it. The calf was full of slashes and bites, but the wolves didn’t eat it.
The wolves hadn’t gone far. One with a radio collar ran in front of my truck as I was driving away that day. It was close enough that I had to slam on my brakes. I grabbed my camera and snapped a photo when it paused to look at me before trotting into the trees. I’d started developing a pretty good sense of what might turn into a public relations disaster and was trying to think of all the evidence I’d need in order to justify moving or killing wolves – especially on a celebrity’s ranch.
Paul Qualley wasn’t interested in moving or killing the Ninemile wolves, but Rose Qualley dialed me up soon after my visit and complained that wolves were getting awfully thick around her ranch.
“I think you ought to move them,” the actress said.
“We can sure consider that,” I told her. “But it’s going to be up to the Fish and Wildlife Service.”
She didn’t push it and I waited for her to call and complain again, but she didn’t. It was a time when we were cautious about killing wolves. We didn’t know they’d be the prolific, resilient creatures they’ve turned out to be – even though we’d been warned. They were endangered, and we were trying to conserve every one of them. As much as we dared, we put it on ranchers to remove the things that would tempt a wolf – like a crippled calf standing out in the open or an uncovered boneyard – so that wolves wouldn’t get set up. So many times dead livestock – and dead wolves – can be prevented.
But the need fizzled. The Qualleys had a wolf problem, but they weren’t eager to do much about it. Defenders paid them for the dead calf, although they probably didn’t need the money. It was the last I heard about wolves causing trouble there, although I did learn that the Qualleys moved away not long after the wolf incident. It’s rough country out there.
Excerpted with permission from Wolfer: A Memoir by Carter Niemeyer (introduction by Nicholas Evans, author of The Horse Whisperer), copyright © 2010 by BottleFly Press.
[End of article]Sounds like an interesting read. Nature is ugly, and it should be up to ranchers to deal with it, not taxpayers. It's high time the balance was restored.
Comment By ponder, 1-21-11BOOK REPORT: A book of dubious puffery written to placate the wolf advocates. The people of Idaho that live amongst the wolves do not miss Carter or his one sided writing. He was not a public servant to those that were impacted by the wolves. The ranchers, the hunters, the business owners and the taxpayers welcome his riddance.
Comment By adam gall, 1-21-11Ponder, in my humble opinion, your comments show you are clearly uninformed on who Carter was as a federal employee and what he did during his tenure working on wolves and other predators for the ranching community in MT and ID.
Comment By JEFF E, 1-22-11obviously ponder did not read the book
Comment By WhackadoolePointerOuter, 1-23-11Ponder, I believe is Cliff Hansen, who owns the gun shop on Highway 55 north of Horseshoe Bend. Someone using the handle "Ponder" routinely posts vitriolic anti wolf comments and has been behind the reason for getting IDFG rules changed so that hunting with the aide os telemetry equipment is no longer legal. I bet he didn't know that.
The problem with the shoot shovel and shut up crowd is that they always forget the shut up part.
Check him out: http://www.ponderosasports.com/500gunsammo.htm
Ken - the cities are ugly too. Perhaps the people who choose to live there should be responsible for protecting their own property too. Sure would save a lot of tax dollars spent on police.
I know that is a silly analogy, but look what you are saying to rural people. As was pointed out in the excerpt from the book, the wolves killed the dog they bought to guard them. Would you not call the police if someone came in the night and mutilated your dog? Or stole from you?
Maybe I'm wasting my time - most folks that post here seem to have closed minds and refuse to see this issue from both sides.
TLM, I see you on many sites whining about wolves. If you don't like living with wildlife, move to another place that has no wildlife. You are a chronic whiner and I'm sick and tired of your whining. The big bad wolf is going to eat me. Yeah right. You make me sick!
Comment By Reality22, 1-23-11Ken, always the ranchers fault with you...... The wolf has been one of the biggest tax dollar sucking animals of all time! And you have the audacity to talk tax dollars. This high maintenance killer will never live well around people, ever! Evidence of how this killer effects Elk that live 100 % around wolves is plenty. Keep it up your postings are turning more people against the wolf!
Comment By Kevin Watson, 1-24-11Mr. Niemeyer is another sick minded individual that gets all warm and fuzzy inside when he witnesses wolves attacking and destroying its intended prey. Folks this is a disease. Wolfaboo's claim these wolves are native, when in fact they are little more than what they were deemed from the onset of this failed program. "Experimental, Non essential, and non resident" wolves introduced into the lower 48 by incompetent wildlife want to be biologists, playing God. These wolves, CL Occidentalis, are to be removed from our region, and people that are involved in this disaster brought to justice.
Kevin Watson
http://www.savewesternwildlife.org
http://www.FOTNYEH.org
Reality,
Perhaps if we did away with ADC/WS, and the ranchers were left to do it on their own dime, with all laws and guidelines followed esp the ones using public lands for grazing, then we could stop this "wasteful" spending. I know you were referring to Ken's post, but read the book. This is one very short passage from the book.
The only sick minded individual is you Kevin Watson. You and your band of sickos are not going to remove anything. Your name and information has been turned over to the appropriate authorities for threatening to kill off wolves. You I must say are one uneducated nimrod!
Comment By Immer Treue, 1-24-11Let's put it back on track, if anybody is interested. The book is a good read. If you like the outdoors, or are interested in hunting and trapping, you will like it. If you enjoy laughing out loud when you read, you will like it. If you like wolves, or are on the other side of the fence in the wolf controversy, there will be parts of "Wolfer" to which you will have both positive and negative reactions. I'll hit two sides of the issue with three quotes from "Wolfer".
"But when it comes down to it, if wolves are really guilty of killing livestock-and that's a big if- there is little anyone can do to stop them, short of killing them."
"The problem, ultimately , is not with wolves, but with those who believe that the only good wolf is a dead one. Inept government investigations and outright lies about the nature of these animals result in bogus statistics and ultimately, more dead wolves."
"All we need are people who are brave enough to think for themselves, and cherish those things that are still truly wild."
Give "Wolfer" a try. You might enjoy it.
Immer Treues, My cousin runs cattle (some of her cattle) on public land part of the year. If you think that the money she pays the government is worth doing nothing with it..... I would like to know why. If it cost more money to implement the program than the administrative part of program needs an overhaul…not the fact that ranchers are running cattle.
I will put the book on my list & see if I can find it somewhere.... A book you should read is Cat Urbigkit "Yellowstone Wolves" the author is one of the individuals that sued the government for introducing the non-native wolves from Canada. According to the book it’s a slam dunk fact that it was illegal.
If it's a slam dunk, why did Cat lose her courtcase? What you are too ignorant to understand is that ALL GRAY WOLVES are the same wolf. There are no differences between them. The "native" wolves were killed off and no one bothered to weigh them as they were killing them left and right. When you say non native wolves, you are basically saying we don't want any wolves here. You and your kind don't like wolves eating the deer, elk, etc that you feel only belongs to you hunters. I wonder if you whiners would make a big deal if they reintroduced moose or elk into your state. Somehow, I doubt you'd make a fuss about these animals if they were reintroduced. It's clear that you are a predator hater. Gray wolves are all the same. These big bad wolves you think are out there are much smaller than you think, but that's not going to stop you from coming up with these stupid claims and unproven claims of wolves.
Comment By Reality22, 1-25-11Tom Page, You're misinformed! Judge Downes ruled in her favor! The introduced wolves "are hereby found unlawful and set aside" and "by virtue of the plan being set aside, Defendants must remove reintroduced non-native wolves and their offspring from the Yellowstone and central Idaho experimental population areas" was part of his ruling!! Further proceeding (and a higher court) in the case on what to do with the wolves that were already on the ground allowed them to stay!
I was one of the many hunters in favor of wolves in Northern Wisconsin! But, when they start showing up in my back yard eating neighbors pets 35 minutes from Greenbay I started thinking that maybe they should start being controlled. Last year again they set records for dead, calves, dogs, horses, goats, etc. This high maintenance animal is also the biggest cause of mortality on the Clam Lake Elk herd here in Wisconsin....yes I do support that herd.
I'm not a predator hater Tom .... I recognize that you are a hunter hater & are using this animal as a tool to further your anti-hunting agenda. Most true Wolf hugger’s recognize the limits of the wolf & are also calling for management!
http://www.wolf.org/wolves/news/live_news_detail.asp?id=5894
http://www.wolf.org/wolves/news/live_news_detail.asp?id=5895
http://www.wolf.org/wolves/news/live_news_detail.asp?id=5896
Reality
The 10th Circuit Court of Appeals in Denver, Colorado ruled that the wolves can Stay! They overturned the 1997 ruling by judge Downes to remove the wolves!
As per you 3sites sited, I've read them and have no real disagreement with any of them, but I've said that before
Tom, Apparently, either you are to Ignorant and/or you have the Anti-hunter blinders on. Your "ALL GRAY WOLVES are the same wolf" makes that cristal clear. If your statement is true why all the fuss about the Mexican Gray wolf - which is a sub-species of the gray wolf..... Canis Lupus Baileyi (Mexican Grey Wolf) and Canis Lupus irremotus (original Yellowstone wolf) differ very little from Canis Lupus occidentalis (North Western Canada & Alaska).... yet you and you anti-hunting crowd found that it was more important to bring in CL occidentalis to further your anti-hunting cause! Reminent wolves in southern Saskatchewan & Montana/Idaho would have been a better choice for any kind of relocation.
The biggest difference between the two was "average" size, size of the head, coloration, and the local wolves did not have the "pack" mentality that the illegal wolves have. We have now lost any resemblence CL irremotus because of anti-hunters like Tom Page!
No reality, they lost that case. Again, "canadian" wolves means that they don't want wolves there period. Has nothing to do with being a different subspecies. There is no wolf called the canadian gray wolf. It's a gray wolf and they are all the same. They have all the same dna and they are all the same genetics wise. It's ridiculous to claim thst gray wolves are non native when they have been in North American for far longer than humans. I don't care if you were in favors of wolves or not. It's no surprise that a lot of you hunters hate predators mainly because they eat the animals you wanna kill for survival. Many people expect people like you to hate wolves, so when you tell me you hate wolves, I'm not surprised nor is anyone else. Yes, they kill animals, so what reality? that is what wolves are supposed to do you god dam idiot! You're a predator hater. Anyone can go back and find your comments on other sites, you are without a doubt a predator hater. People like you are the reason why people are becoming more anti-hunter. You hunters are in decline. Your disrespect for wildlife shows.
Comment By Tom Page, 1-25-11reality, the simple truth is you hate predators. You blame them for everything. a million dollars says if they reintroduced elk or deer, there would be no fuss about that from you hunters. It's only when predators are reintroduced and are eating the animals you wanna hunt, than is when you start to make a fuss. You clearly are hypocritical. Everyone knows that a good portion of you hunters hate wolves and other predators because you view them as competition. You would make no stink if elk or deer got reintroduced. People like you are the reason why more and more people are becoming anti-hunters. You hunters are in serious decline.
Comment By Tom Page, 1-25-11Related stories
Elusive targetFebruary 17, 2010
Rumors of 150-pound wolves abound in the Idaho Panhandle, but most of the wolves taken by hunters are much smaller.
Adult females averaged 86 pounds, according to Idaho Department of Fish and Game officials, who also included the weights of wolves struck by vehicles in the survey. For adult males, 101 pounds was the average.
The exception was a 130-pound adult male killed in Boundary County that was weighed after its stomach had been removed.
It’s not surprising that wolf weights get exaggerated, said Jim Hayden, Fish and Game’s regional wildlife manager in Coeur d’Alene.
“They look huge,” he said. “They’ve got long legs, big heads and lots of fur.”
Wolves have 2- to 4-inch-long guard hairs around their necks, reinforcing the impression of a bulky body, said Jason Husseman, a Fish and Game wolf biologist in Salmon, Idaho. People see wolves, compare them to their dogs, and estimate that the wolves weigh 150 pounds.
“It’s a human tendency to overestimate. You see the same thing with bear sightings,” Husseman said.
In actuality, wolves have the lean, rangy build of distance runners – an adaption that helps them chase down prey, he said.
Some opponents of wolf reintroduction claim that the Canadian gray wolves released in Yellowstone National Park and central Idaho in the mid-1990s are a larger, more aggressive subspecies than native wolves, which were extinct by the 1930s. Biologists say there’s little or no evidence to back up that assertion.
“I’m curious that they throw out those numbers – that the Canadian wolves are 50 to 100 pounds bigger than the native Idaho wolves,” Husseman said. “I don’t know where those numbers come from.”
Hayden said the most authoritative research on wolf subspecies comes from a former U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service zoologist, Ronald Nowak, who studied 580 historic skulls of full-grown male wolves. Nowak concluded that North America had five subspecies of gray wolves. Two subspecies had historic ranges in Idaho – the Rocky Mountain wolf and the Great Plains wolf.
The Rocky Mountain subspecies outweighed the Great Plains wolf by about 20 pounds, Hayden said. But their ranges overlapped in the Idaho Panhandle, according to Nowak’s research.
“Realistically, there’s no difference between the subspecies. They interbreed,” Hayden said.
In addition, “we’ve got wolves that are walking here from Canada,” he said. “They’re the same species that would have been here in the past.”
Don't like the facts do ya Tommy boy.....no hate here. The only hate most of the people reading this thread comes under the heading "Tom Page". Your anti-hunting hatred shows as clear as the sky on a Wisconsin moon-lit night. Keep it up, for its people like you that are turning local people to the correct side of the fence!
In Wisconsin 17 of the Northern County Boards have passed resolutions that tell the DNR how they feel! It doesn’t hold much weight but it sure tells the story of what the locals think! The northern region (as defined by the DNR) encompasses 19 counties are where the majority of the wolves are. One of the things we see is that some of the resolutions are coming out of Forestry Committees & expel the myth that the wolf is needed to create this biological utopia the anti-hunters in wolf huggers clothing claim! Keep up your great posting! You’re pushing more and more people like me to fight for management! Thanks again Tom.....god help you with your hate problem!
We need wolves in every state, then people will see how this has gotten out of hand. They were to be introduced in to Yellowstone. Now the whole north west is Yellowstone, make every state Yellowstone, the tide will turn.
Comment By big sky, 1-26-11Ha Ha, ol Tom, the wolf hugging hunter hating fella! Hunting is in decline! Ha Ha. Well, look at the stats, and look at the money brought in. In minnesota alone, 600,000 people went deer hunting last year. I beleive it was New Jersey that set their record with close to 1 million deer hunters!. In my state alone, over 2 Billion is spent on hunting, and hunting is worth 2 1/2 million dollars to the economy of my town alone! Hunting in decline? Good luck with that. Wolves bring nothing but misery.
Comment By GREEK, 1-26-11Hunting is good, but wolves are evil incarnate? I don't get it. Think it through.
Throughout history, hunting cultures revered and respected the predators who hunt to survive. Throughout history, healthy game populations coexisted with predation. Read your Lewis & Clark just for starters.
Plenty of today's hunters are able to appreciate that the wolf and other predators are not threats to either hunting or their way of life.
What's up with hunters who want all the game for themselves, can't bear the thought of some competition for prey, or reject longstanding predator-prey relationships?
I don't think that is the problem, Greek. Its not a FEW wolves around, its the thousands that some folks seem to want. Its the total disrespect for a group of people who make their living from the land. Its the loss of not just a few elk, but whole herds in some areas, as we are now witnessing in yellowstone, the lolo region of idaho, and the bitterroot. Its also having another major predator that has been known to stalk people. Its the loss of income from hunting tags, sporting goods stores, restruants and motels. You will be hard pressed to find a hunter who wants or thinks we could get rid of all of them. What we want is some control on the issue, especially in areas were elk and moose are becoming nonexistant.
Comment By Reality22, 1-26-11BigSky, looks like Tommy Boy moved on to bloody-er pastures. Everytime I walk into a Cabela's I think of guys like Tommy, even there own kind try to pull the wool over each others eyes. Hunting and fishing are going nowhere.... what is decreasing is access to hunting land & elimination of habitat due to development. Cabelas is adding a new store in Springfield Oregon. The store will employ 150 to 200 people, and will occupy about 58,000 square feet in Springfield's Gateway Mall. I guess Cabelas forgot to read Tommy's memo.
Comment By big sky, 1-26-11You know it and I know it. Nothing is gonna change because of the tommy boys of the world. He should be thankful that he lives in a country where he can express his opinon. Now all he needs is a job......opps, negativity gets you no where....sorry about that.
Predator hater.....loven that. I have 10 coyotes in the garage. 6 skinned, 4 to go. I figure they shoot something like 300 a year in our area. EVERY YEAR. Funny how the coyote population never goes down. Lotta folks suppliment their incomes with a those 20 dollar coyotes. Lotta work for a few bucks, but it helps some folks out, and the best part is....its renewable to boot! I wonder if the wolves will be the same? Coyotes starting to rub now, pelts going bad. Have to quit shooting and go fishing, lotta ice now. If we could get a little local control on these wolves, there would be no wolf problem, and yet we would still have wolves.
Nice job on the yotes, I'm sure the local ranchers appreciate the help. I know the cousins like the predator hunters/trappers. That's a reality the Tommy boys can't seem to comprehend.
Comment By Tom Page, 1-27-11Big hal. I assure you I have a job and I also assure you I make much more than your rural welfare butt can comprehend. You keep living near welfare level while killing coyotes just to make a few bucks. I know you're probably struggling. ha People like you and reality hate wildlife.
Comment By Tom Page, 1-27-11And oh reality, what's the matter little guy, are you going to cry knowing the fact that hunter numbers are decreasing? You hunters are nothing but worthless cowards!
Comment By JoJo, 1-27-11I've been here in the back woods of the Yellowstone for 35yrs, seen it first hand. Where are you Tom, Central Park South, oh Park they need wolves to.
Comment By big sky, 1-28-11Ol Tom is now a rich man....yessir, no doubt some poor hard working rich relative passed on and left tommy a bundle to be squandered away......maybe learn how to READ in the process. Your conclusions are your shortcomings. Perhaps if you get away from the keyboard once in awhile and comprehend the world around you you might notice that many in this world have to work for a living......and not garnish a government check with benefits, either.
Comment By the real mike, 1-29-11Good God, big sky, all politics and policy disagreements aside, your comments mark you as the absolute most obnoxious, slithering, snarky, little piece of low life I have ever encountered ...anywhere!
Comment By Dave Skinner, 1-29-11And the pseudonymous pot calls the psuedonymous kettle black....
This is why real names should be part of the revamped comment policy. If you can't say it up front over your name, then STFU.
Just got back from the Outdoor Hunting show in Bozeman, sure alot of young people there, boys & girls, hunting in decline? Real Mike, I've read Big Skys comments, why are you pro wolfers so nasty. I'm confused by veggans, killing is ok as long as only wild animals do it? Everything comes from the land, veggans get a clue your very presents on this planet displaces wildlife somewhere. You've been the cause of death to at least one or more animals just being here. I've been around veggans for the last 10 yrs, working on their ranch, I don't care if their veggans. But boy they don't like the fact that I'm not veggan and attack me on it all the time. But I'm the drinking,smoking, meat eating worker that does ALL their work. Thats what is really going on here, veggans vs meat eaters. It's nice that pro-wolfers comments get posted here unlike us on all pro wolf blogs, no 1st amendment right there.
Comment By big sky, 1-30-11ahh mikey, hurt your feelings? Fortunately, I do have a thick skin. Lemme see, the "light name calling", hmmm, wolf hater, antiwolf idiot, killer, maimer, muskrat eater (that one hurt...) lowlife, ha ha...then the "heavy names"....#&^%, $$$$,%^$&,##@!....better not go there. I even had a guy on you tube say he was gonna tie me upside down to a tree and enviscerate me...ugggg....sounds like hannibal lecter stuff, and all I did was disagree with him.
Funny thing mikey, I think the worse name I ever called one of you is wolf hugger.....(no, I don't really believe you hug wolves, although it would be nice to snuggle up to a wolf rug in the winter, for sure)
Thats what I don't get about you people. Have any of you ever lived? Lets say you had a crappy job and still did it because you had to support a family? Would you quit because it was a crappy job? Think about these ranchers. You think ranching is an easy job, think again. No holidays, unless it costs you money to pay someone to take care of things. Ya gotta be there all the time, or things go to heck. No sick days, cause the work is still there, and you gotta pay for someone to do it for you again. Again, I am talking about a REAL ranch or farm operation. Not the rich california who moves up and pretends to ranch as a tax write off or a hobby.
Then I look at some of these govt. jobs. Forest Ranger. How many days does he work? How many comp days does he get? Vacation? Sick days? I needed to talk to a fella at a wildlife refuge last fall. I had to go down there five times because (1.) he was on vacation for a week (2.) he took a comp day, whatever that is) (3.) he was sick for a week (ok, was he?) (4.) another set of comp days, secretary told me he would be gone for 3 days (5.) I finally set up an appointment just to make sure he was gonna be in. Forest rangers are worse, believe me.
Now wonder why people like me have little use for govt. employees or welfare recipients....(I do have a friend on welfare....29 years on the job and hurt his back. But he wants to go back to work and can't. Had surgery and all that. Thats what those programs are for.)
The problem with people like you mikey, is that you don't even understand the issue and whats at stake. We try to educate you but......Ha Ha, thats a laugh.
Wanna comment on the internet and have everyone agree with your green agenda? Won't happen. PEOPLE are in the equation with these wolves, whether you like it or not. We will have wolves with or without the green machine. Of course, once this is settled there will be alot less donations coming into DOW and EarthJustice, so they will have to invent some new cause to keep the money rolling in. Those fancy houses and trucks are hard to come by without hard work.
A little reality (opps, sorry reality) is a hard thing to take for some people.
Thanks for the compliment, mikey.
What happen to Wolfers, in safe Pro place? Where we can't post!
Comment By becky, 2-14-11Aside from the basic controversy about wolves, the author takes a shot at Andie McDowell and her husband, and implies motives he couldn't know -- he spins it -- I don't like that. They did what they were supposed to do -- pretty sure they lived there more than "several" years. And if he offered possibly moving them and after thinking about it they replied it might be wise, and he doesn't DO anything ("waiting for her to complain (!) again" or whatever (weren't they cooperating rather than complaining?). Isn't Nine Mile Wolves a far better read on this subject?
Comment By Tbug, 2-28-11Oh Becky, Becky. You must be the president of Ms. MacDowell's fan club. There's no "shot" at MacDowell in this excerpt, and (if you know anything about wolf depredation compensation) no one "had" to report privately owned livestock (on private property) to the government. MacDowell, if you'll reread, asks Niemeyer to move the wolves, not vice versa. She didn't appear to be around during this incident - just her towel-clad ex. I'm sure this wasn't written the way MacDowell's PR person would have liked, but hey, that's what you get when you go from Hollywood to pretending you're a rancher just livin' in the Wild West!
Comment By Chefsshila, 6-25-11you must read <a >light in the box</a> to your friends
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